Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain, usually caused by a viral infection. Here's a breakdown of symptoms, diagnosis, testing, and treatment.
Fever: Often the first sign, accompanied by headache and fatigue.
Headache: Severe and persistent headaches are common.
Confusion or altered mental status: This could range from mild confusion to coma.
Seizures: Can occur in severe cases.
Sensitivity to light: Photophobia may be present.
Stiff neck: Especially if the inflammation extends to the membranes surrounding the brain (meninges).
Nausea and vomiting: These symptoms may occur, especially in children.
Weakness or paralysis: Depending on which areas of the brain are affected.
Antiviral Medications: If the encephalitis is caused by a virus like herpes simplex virus (HSV), antiviral medications such as acyclovir are typically prescribed.
Supportive Care: This includes managing symptoms such as fever, headache, and seizures with medications.
Hospitalization: Severe cases may require hospitalization for close monitoring and supportive care.
Steroids: In some cases, corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce brain inflammation.
Anticonvulsants: If seizures occur, anticonvulsant medications may be necessary to control them.
Physical Therapy: Rehabilitation may be needed to regain lost function or strength.
Physical Examination: Doctors will assess symptoms and perform a neurological examination.
Blood Tests: To check for signs of infection and inflammation.
Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap): A sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is collected and tested for signs of infection and inflammation.
Imaging: MRI or CT scans may be performed to check for abnormalities in the brain.
Electroencephalogram (EEG): Measures electrical activity in the brain, which can help diagnose seizures or abnormal brain function.